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An Ultimate Ungulate Fact Sheet
Bubalus arnee
Asian water buffalo
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Literature Cited

Buchholtz, C. (1990). Cattle. Pp. 360-417 in: Parker, S.P. [ed.] (1990). Grzimek's Encyclopedia of Mammals, Vol. 5. McGraw-Hill, New York.

CITES (Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna) (2012). Appendix I, II, and III as adopted by the Conference of the Parties, valid from 25 September 2012. Available online at the CITES website.

Hedges, S., Sagar Baral, H., Timmins, R.J., and Duckworth, J.W. (2008). Bubalus arnee. In IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Available online at the IUCN Redlist website.

Heinen, J.T. (2002). Phenotypic and behavioural characteristics used to identify wild buffalo Bubalus bubalis from feral backcrosses in Nepal. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99(2): 173-183.

Francis, C.M. (2008). A Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Kotwal, P.C., and Mishra, R.P. (2004). Ecobiology of Indian Wild Buffalo Bubalus arnee L. in Udanti Wildlife Sanctuary, Chhattisgarh, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 101(2): 252-254.

Menon, V. (2009). Mammals of India. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ.

Additional Resources

Chaiyarat, R., Lauhachinda, V., Kutintara, U., Bhumpakphan, N., and Prayurasiddhi, T. (2004). Population of wild water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. Thailand Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 52(2): 151-162.

Choudhury, A. (1994). Wild Buffalo Bubalus bubalis in Dhakuakhana, Lakhimpur district of Assam. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 91(1): 137-138.

Choudhury, A. (1994). The decline of the wild water buffalo in northeast India. Oryx 28(1): 70-73.

Choudhury, A. (1998). Wild water buffalo Bubalus bubalis arnee in Dibang Valley district of Arunachal Pradesh. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 95(1): 110-112.

Choudhury, A. (1999). Status of the wild water buffalo Bubalus arnee in Lohit district, Arunachal Pradesh. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 96(1): 130-132.

Choudhury, A. (2001). On the occurrence of the wild water buffalo Bubalus arnee in the Barak valley districts of Assam. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 98(2): 270-272.

Choudhury, A. (2002). Occurrence of the wild water buffalo Bubalus arnee in Mizoram and Manipur. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99(3): 512-516.

*Daniel, J.C., and Grubh, R.B. (1966). The Indian Wild Buffalo, Bubalus bubalis (Linn), in peninsular India: a preliminary study. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 63(1): 32-53.

*De Silva, M., Dissanayake, S., and Santiapillai, C. (1994). Aspects of the population dynamics of the wild Asiatic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Ruhuna National Park, Sri Lanka. Journal of the Society for Asian Natural History 1(1): 65-76.

Divekar, H.K., and Bhusan, B. (1988). Status of wild Asiatic buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the Raipur and Bastar Districts of Madhya Pradesh. Technical Report of the Bombay Natural History Society of the Salim Ali Nature Conservation Fund, SANCF Report No. 3/1988.

Divekar, H.K., Grubh, R.B., and Shekar, P.B. (1983). Status and ecology of wild water buffalo Bubalus bubalis in Chandrapur District of Maharashtra, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 80(2): 405-409.

Divekar, H.K., Mohapatra, K.K., and Shekar, P.B. (1982). Some observation on wild buffalo Bubalus bubalis in Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 79(1): 189-190.

*Flamand, J.R.B., Vankan, D., Gairhe, K.P., Duong, H., and Barker, J.S.F. (2003). Genetic identification of wild Asian water buffalo in Nepal. Animal Conservation 6(3): 265-270.

*Gee, E.P. (1953). Wild buffaloes and tame. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 51(3): 727-730.

*Groves, C.P. (1996). The taxonomy of the Asian Wild Buffalo from the Asian mainland. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 61(6): 327-338.

Hedges, S. (1996). Proposal for transfer of wild Asian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from CITES Appendix III to Appendix I. Proposal prepared for the IUCN/SSC Asian Wild Cattle Specialist Group, the IUCN/SSC Wildlife Trade Programme, and the Thai Government.

*Heinen, J.T. (1993). Population viability and management recommendations for wild water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Biological Conservation 65: 29-34.

*Heinen J.T., and Kandel, R. (2006). Threats to a small population: a census and conservation recommendations for wild buffalo Bubalus arnee in Nepal. Oryx 40(3): 324-330.

*Heinen, J.T., and Singh, G.R. (2001). A census and some management implications for wild buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Nepal. Biological Conservation 101(3): 391-394.

Heng Kimchhay, Ouk Kimsan, Kry Masphal, Sin Polin, Uch Seiha, and H. Weiler. 1998. The distribution of tiger, leopard, elephant and wild cattle (gaur, banteng, buffalo, Khting Vor and kouprey) in Cambodia. Interm Report: July 1998. Wildlife Protection Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Kakoi, H., Namikawa, T., Takenaka, O., Takenaka, A., Amano, T., and Martojo, H. (1994). Divergence between the anoas of Sulawesi and the Asiatic water buffaloes, inferrerd from their complete amino acid sequences of hemoglobin [beta] chains. Zeitschrift Fuer Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 32(1): 1-10.

Kalita, H.C,. and Chandramouly, K.N. (1997). Morphometry of the cardiac glands in Indian buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal 74(1): 46-50.

Kalita, H.C., and Prasad, R.V. (1996). Carbohydrate histochemistry and histology of the mucous neck cells in the abomasal glands of Indian buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Indian Veterinary Journal 73(12): 1288-1289.

Kassim, H., and Baharin, K. (1979). Grazing behaviour of the swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Pertanika 2(2): 125-127.

*Kierstein, G., Vallinoto, M., Silva, A., Schneider, M.P., Iannuzzi, L., and Brenig, B. (2004). Analysis of mitochondrial D-loop region casts new light on domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) phylogeny. Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 30(2): 308-324.

Kikkawa, Y., Yonekawa, H., Suzuki, H., and Amano, T. (1997). Analysis of genetic diversity of domestic water buffaloes and anoas based on variations in the mitochondrial gene for cytochrome b. Animal Genetics 28(3): 195-201.

*Krishnan, M. (1972). An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69(2): 297-351.

*Kumar, S., Gupta, J., Kumar, N., Dikshit, K., Navani, N., Jain, P., and Nagarajan, M. (2006). Genetic variation and relationships among eight Indian riverine buffalo breeds Molecular Ecology 15(3): 593-600.

*Lall, S. (1953). Wild buffaloes and tame. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 53(1): 726-727.

*Lau, C.H., Drinkwater, R.D., Yusoff, K., Tan, S.G., Hetzel, D.J.S., and Barker, J.S.F. (1998). Genetic diversity of Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): mitochondrial DNA D-loop and cytochrome b sequence variation. Animal Genetics 29(4): 253-264.

*Pfeffer, P. (1969). Considerations sur l'ecologie des forests claires du Cambodge Oriental. Terre et la Vie 116:(1): 3-24.

*Pitra, C., Furbass, R., and Seyfert, H.-M. (1997). Molecular phylogeny of the tribe Bovini (Mammalia: Artiodactyla): Alternative placement of the Anoa. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 10(4): 589-600.

*Ranjitsinh, M.K., Verma, S.C., Akhtar, S.A., Patil, V., Sivakumar, K., and Bhanubhakude, S. (2004). Status and conservation of the wild Buffalo Bubalus bubalis in Peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 101(1): 64-70.

Ridpath, M.G., and Waithman, J. (1988). Controlling feral Asian water buffalo in Australia. Wildlife Society Bulletin 16(4): 385-390.

Wyrwoll, T.W. (1997). The spread of the wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) on the Arabian peninsula. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 147(2): 480-485.

Quick Facts Detailed Information References